A study by the Agribusiness and Economic Research Unit at Lincoln University in NZ uses a life cycle approach to calculate energy use and CO2 emissions associated with production and transport to UK of four NZ products: dairy, apples, onions and lamb. With the exception of onion, the results are positive in the sense that even if transport impacts are considered, NZ products still use less energy and have less corresponding emissions (in case of lamb on a ration of 4 to 1).