In the auditorium of the Institute of Social Research of UNAM, for the launch of the MESA Mexico project (June 2024), an on-site and virtual workshop was held in which a total of 57 people participated, 34 on-site and 23 virtual, including  several members of various sectors such as government, business, academic and social^[1]. To start the conversation among the participants, they were provided with a list of 10 academic, political and social problems in Mexico's agrifood systems (Table 1), in order to discuss and prioritize the problems they considered most important.

Table 1. Proposed problems related to food and agriculture in Mexico

Source: Prepared by the authors based on the results of the workshop.

In the on-site workshop, a dynamic discussion was developed, for which 17 pairs of participants were formed, who were asked to jointly answer the following question: What are the three main problems that require greater attention in the next academic, political and social agenda, related to agrifood systems in Mexico? 

Each pair agreed and prioritized the issues they considered most important. They also proposed other relevant issues to add to the list and included them in their selection. At the end of the prioritization by pairs, a plenary discussion was held on the results of the selections made. 

The virtual workshop differed from the face-to-face dynamic in that the participants worked individually and did not have the option of prioritizing by pairs, but they had three votes to select the topics they considered important.

a) Effects of Climate Change (CC) on agriculture

CC is a global phenomenon largely attributed to anthropogenic activities and the current development model, where 48% of greenhouse gas emissions are generated by 10% of the world's population, especially in the most developed regions, among which the United States and countries of the European Union stand out (Chancel, 2022; OXFAM, 2015). In these circumstances, it is important to consider the scope and limits of climate responsibilities, differentiating between those who contribute most to emissions and, consequently, to the climate crisis.

In this context, the United Nations Organization indicates that from 2011 to 2020 the effects of climate change have been more noticeable worldwide (UN, n/d). These include higher temperatures, droughts, forest fires and stronger storms (see images 1, 2 and 3), which have reduced Mexico's agricultural production, mainly crops such as beans, lentils, coffee, chickpeas and yellow corn (Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera, 2024). This information is relevant to point out, since it coincides with the results obtained in the workshop, where the most important issue for the participants was the impact of CC on agriculture.

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Image 1. Forest fire in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve in Veracruz, Mexico. Photograph by Elena Lazos Chavero, 2019.

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Image 2. Flooded house in Uayma, Yucatan. Photograph by Pavel Alonso García Magdaleno, 2023

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Image 3. Dry earth and ginger. Photograph by Pavel Alonso García Magdaleno, 2023.

The effects of CC on agriculture and livestock in Mexico have been widely discussed from different perspectives, such as the deterioration it causes in animal health and the appearance of diseases, the decrease in agricultural yields, as well as a lower availability of food, and the loss of land suitable for the cultivation of grains such as corn, coffee and sorghum (Basurto Hernández et al., 2023; Estrada et al., 2022; Gómez Díaz et al., 2020; Sánchez Mendoza et al., 2020; Villers et al., 2009). From this perspective, one of the most notorious effects on the agricultural sector is the sharp decrease in production yields generated by prolonged periods of drought (which generates economic losses for producers) and the increase in agrifood dependence (Mendoza-Ponce et al., 2023). This reveals the need to implement public policies to reduce production losses and guarantee food security in the country.

There are currently multiple approaches to mitigate the effects of CC in the energy, transportation, industrial, commercial and agricultural sectors: some examples are the transition to clean energies; the development of electromobility technologies; the establishment of water capture, storage and harvesting systems, as well as the promotion of agronomic practices aimed at carbon capture (Special Climate Change Program 2021-2024, 2021). However, it is still necessary to deploy and implement articulated strategies between the public and private sectors, where the different perspectives and needs of the different actors and territories are integrated, contributing to the creation of a climate adaptation plan (Chamber of Deputies, 2024). Undoubtedly, commitments from all sectors and at all scales are required to trace pathways that will help us address the current climate emergency and reduce its impacts on Mexico's agrifood sector.

b) Loss of traditional agroecological practices and knowledge, reduction of agrobiodiversity and its effects on food

This concern may be related to the gradual abandonment of the Mexican countryside, caused by the migration of the rural population to the country's large cities or to the United States in search of better living conditions. This is revealed by data reported by Kato and Huerta (2022), which show a decrease from 40.3% to 19.8% of rural inhabitants during the period from 1960 to 2018. Another factor that caused the expulsion of thousands of Mexican farmers from their territories is the North American Free Trade Agreement (currently the Treaty between Mexico, the United States and Canada, TEMEC), when regulations and rules were implemented that allowed the importation of U.S. corn and other subsidized grains to the national territory, with prices below production costs, against which Mexican producers could not compete (Gálvez, 2022).

On the other hand, Mexico ranks first in the world as an exporter of avocado, tomato, mango, asparagus, red fruits, lemon, walnuts, peppers, cucumber, lettuce and onion (SADER, 2023), which shows that the national agrifood policy has focused on agroindustrial food production to meet the demand of international markets (see image 4). However, domestic production of basic grains such as corn, beans, rice, wheat, sorghum and soybeans is insufficient to supply domestic demand, and it is necessary to import these foods from countries such as the United States, Brazil or Argentina (La Jornada, 2023; SADER, 2020; Secretaría de Economía, 2023). If this trend continues, food dependence will increase.

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Image 4. Expansion of avocado cultivation in Mexico. Source: Adobestock.com

c) Water crisis in agriculture (management, use, contamination by waste or discharges)

The water emergency, referring to water scarcity in agriculture, can be directly linked to the effects of CC due to the increase in droughts and their duration, but it can also be linked to socioeconomic circumstances that affect its availability and access. Some of these refer to the presence of pollutants in water sources, deforestation and population growth that leads to overexploitation of watersheds and groundwater, which represents 67.52% of the water concessioned for agriculture (CONAGUA, 2006, 2020).

This has led to an increase in conflicts and social mobilizations in various entities of the country to guarantee sufficient access to water (Antúnez, 2024; Réyez, 2017; Vázquez, n/d). This demands the creation of efficient strategies to safeguard the human right to water among the population, which represents a significant challenge for the institutions responsible for water management to find more equitable and fairer ways to provide access to water for agricultural, industrial and domestic use.

The results of the workshop reveal the main concerns and problems regarding Mexican food and agriculture, which provides a good entry point  for conversation and debate on the present and future of agrifood systems in Mexico. One of the objectives of MESA is to understand the different perspectives on the production, distribution and consumption of food in order to reflect and explore alternatives that help us to trace pathways towards fairer and more sustainable agri-food systems such as those that promote better techniques, environments and healthy ingredients in our food. In this sense, the dialogue, debate and exchange of ideas that MESA proposes on global agri-food systems are central elements to further understanding the interests, evidence and values that each of the actors involved in food bring to the table. MESA has an open door for those who wish to join in the debates that cut across agri-food systems.

To contact the team behind this report, email debates.mesamexico@sociales.unam.mx or almapalaciosreyes@tabledebates.org. 

For more about MESA, visit: https://tabledebates.org/mesa

For more about MESA & its partnership with IISUNAM, visit: https://www.iis.unam.mx/mesa/

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Gálvez, A. (2022). Hombres de maíz. En Comer con el TLC. Comercio, políticas alimentarias y la destrucción de México (pp. 67–113). Fondo de Cultura Económica.

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Kato Maldonado, L., & Huerta Moreno, G. (2022). Carencia alimentaria, cadenas productivas y políticas públicas para el sector agrícola en México. Estudios Regionales en Economía, Población y Desarrollo: Cuadernos de Trabajo de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, 12(67), 3–26.

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Le Cour Grandmaison, R., & Frissard Martinez, P. (2024). Violento y Próspero. El auge del aguacate en México y su relación con el crimen organizado (pp. 1–44). Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. https://insightcrime.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Romain-Le-Cour-Grandmaison-et-al-Violento-y-prospero-el-auge-del-aguacate-en-Mexico-y-su-relacion-con-el-crimen-organizado-GI-TOC-Enero-de-2024.pdf

Mendoza-Ponce, A., Ortiz Haro, G. A., Murray-Tortarolo, G. N., & Salazar Frausto, J. L. (2023). Impactos en sistemas humanos y naturales de México: Diagnóstico y proyecciones. En Estado y perspectivas del cambio climático-en México: Un punto de partida (pp. 31–35). Programa de Investigación en Cambio Climático. https://www.caacs.unam.mx/wp-content/files/estado-y-perspectivas-del-cambio-climatico-en-mexico-un-punto-de-partida-unam.pdf

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OXFAM. (2015). La desigualdad extrema de las emisiones de carbono: Por qué el acuerdo sobre el clima de París debe anteponer los intereses de las personas más pobres, vulnerables y que generan menos emisiones de carbono. https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/mb-extreme-carbon-inequality-021215-es.pdf

Ponce González, M. (2023). La digitalización en el sector agropecuario [Instituto Federal de Telecomunicaciones]. Transformación digital. https://www.ift.org.mx/transformacion-digital/blog/la-digitalizacion-en-el-sector-agropecuario

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The prioritization of the most relevant issues for the virtual and face-to-face participants resulted in a tie between issues 1, 9 and 2, as can be seen in Table 2 and graphs 1 and 2. 

Table 2. Priority issues in the face-to-face and virtual workshop. Source: elaboration

Source: Prepared by the authors based on the results of the workshop.

Graph 1. Percentage of relevance of the problems prioritized in Mexico's agrifood systems, according to the participants of the face-to-face workshop

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Source: Prepared by the authors based on the results of the workshop.

Note: P refers to “problematic”.

Graph 2. Percentage of relevance of the problems prioritized in Mexico's agrifood systems, according to the participants of the virtual workshop

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Source: Prepared by the authors based on the results of the workshop.

Note: P refers to “problematic”.

The above graphs show the relevance given to each of the issues raised. In this regard, issue 1 “Effects of climate change on agriculture (droughts, floods, hurricanes, pests, loss of pollinators, etc.) and strategies to deal with it” is once again highlighted and ranked first in both workshops, while issue 9 “Loss of traditional agroecological practices and knowledge. Reduction of agro-biodiversity and its effects on food” was in second place. These first two issues behaved similarly in terms of selection preference for both workshop modalities; however, this was different with respect to issue 2 “Water crisis in agriculture (management, use, contamination by waste or discharges)” in third place, where face-to-face participants considered it 7% more relevant than those who participated in the virtual modality. Likewise, the virtual participants indicated that this last topic is equally as important as topic 10, which refers to the aging of the Mexican countryside.

Regarding “other issues” considered important for the academic, political and social agendas of agrifood systems in Mexico, the workshop participants put forward several proposals, which are described in Table 3.

Table 3. “Other” problems proposed by the participants in the virtual and face-to-face workshops

Source: Prepared by the authors based on the results of the workshop.

Some of the issues indicated in the table above contain elements that show alignment with the original list, for example, public policies, gender issues and the right to food.

In this sense, of the “other issues” it is worth mentioning the influence of organized crime on territorial control and agrifood production. According to the Global Index of Organized Crime in Mexico (2023) and Le Cour and Frissard (2024), criminal activities such as extortion, robbery and kidnapping in productive and agro-industrial sectors of the country have been increasing, which threatens the very existence of agrifood systems in Mexico, since the minimum security conditions in the country are not guaranteed.

Another problem outlined was “the implications of artificial intelligence in Mexico's food systems” which, deserves to be discussed, especially in relation to the technological gap in Mexico that impacts the agri-food sector. For example,the application of the internet in the agricultural sector is insignificant (Negrete, 2018), with only 5.5% of Mexican producers using computers and 7.8% using the  internet in 2019 (Ponce González, 2023 p.7). This situation could be transformed if public programs were implemented with the objective of expanding access to and use of information technologies in the agrifood sector.

^[1] Comisión Nacional para la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (SEMARNAT),  WWF México,  Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Centro de Estudios de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias; of civil organizations “Sin maíz no hay país”, Fundación Semillas de Vida, Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Carne, Centro del Cambio Global y Sustentabilidad, A.C., CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe) NUUP, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de Información Geoespacial. (Centrogeo),  El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios para el Cambio en el Campo Mexicano, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), El Colegio de Michoacán, el Poder del Consumidor, of the company Mycelia Mexicana, as well as students from different universities such as la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, la Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, el Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Occidente, (ITESO), la Universidad de Colima, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, among others.