According to the NOVA classification system, see Martini, D., Godos, J., Bonaccio, M., Vitaglione, P., & Grosso, G. (2021). Ultra-Processed Foods and Nutritional Dietary Profile: A Meta-Analysis of Nationally Representative Samples. Nutrients, 13(10), 3390. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103390
Monteiro, C. (2009). Nutrition and health. The issue is not food, nor nutrients, so much as processing. Public Health Nutrition, 12(5), 729-731. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980009005291; Fraanje, W. & Garnett, T. (2019). What is ultra-processed food? And why do people disagree about its utility as a concept? Food Climate Research Network, University of Oxford. https://doi.org/10.56661/ca3e86f2
Lane M. M., Gamage E., Du S., Ashtree D. N., McGuinness A. J., Gauci S., Baker, P., Lawrence, M., Rebholz, C. M., Srour, B., Touvier, M., Jacka, F. N., O’Neill, A., Segasby, T. & Marx, W. Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses BMJ 2024; 384 :e077310, https://doi.org.10.1136/bmj-2023-077310; Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Yang, H., Qiu, P., Wang, H., Wang, F., Zhao, Q., Fang, J., & Nie, J. (2020). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and health outcomes: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Nutrition journal, 19(1), 86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-00604-1; Elizabeth, L., Machado, P., Zinöcker, M., Baker, P., & Lawrence, M. (2020). Ultra-Processed Foods and Health Outcomes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12(7), 1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071955; Lane, M. M., Davis, J. A., Beattie, S., Gómez-Donoso, C., Loughman, A., O'Neil, A., Jacka, F., Berk, M., Page, R., Marx, W., & Rocks, T. (2021). Ultraprocessed food and chronic noncommunicable diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 43 observational studies. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 22(3), e13146. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13146
Silva, F. M., Giatti, L., de Figueiredo, R. C., Molina, M. D. C. B., de Oliveira Cardoso, L., Duncan, B. B., & Barreto, S. M. (2018). Consumption of ultra-processed food and obesity: cross sectional results from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) cohort (2008-2010). Public health nutrition, 21(12), 2271–2279. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018000861
Levy, R. B., Rauber, F., Chang, K., Louzada, M. L. D. C., Monteiro, C. A., Millett, C., & Vamos, E. P. (2021). Ultra-processed food consumption and type 2 diabetes incidence: A prospective cohort study. Clinical nutrition, 40(5), 3608–3614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.12.018; Juul, F., Deierlein, A. L., Vaidean, G., Quatromoni, P. A., & Parekh, N. (2022). Ultra-processed Foods and Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes: from Evidence to Practice. Current atherosclerosis reports, 24(11), 849–860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-022-01061-3
Chang, K., Gunter, M. J., Rauber, F., Levy, R. B., Huybrechts, I., Kliemann, N., Millett, C., & Vamos, E. P. (2023). Ultra-processed food consumption, cancer risk and cancer mortality: a large-scale prospective analysis within the UK Biobank. EClinicalMedicine, 56, 101840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101840; Isaksen, I. M., & Dankel, S. N. (2023). Ultra-processed food consumption and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical nutrition, 42(6), 919–928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2023.03.018
Narula, N., Chang, N. H., Mohammad, D., Wong, E. C. L., Ananthakrishnan, A. N., Chan, S. S. M., Carbonnel, F., & Meyer, A. (2023). Food Processing and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, S1542-3565(23)00071-X. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2023.01.012
Godos, J., Bonaccio, M., Al-Qahtani, W. H., Marx, W., Lane, M. M., Leggio, G. M., & Grosso, G. (2023). Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Depressive Symptoms in a Mediterranean Cohort. Nutrients, 15(3), 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030504
Hall, K. D., Ayuketah, A., Brychta, R., Cai, H., Cassimatis, T., Chen, K. Y., Chung, S. T., Costa, E., Courville, A., Darcey, V., Fletcher, L. A., Forde, C. G., Gharib, A. M., Guo, J., Howard, R., Joseph, P. V., McGehee, S., Ouwerkerk, R., Raisinger, K., Rozga, I., … Zhou, M. (2019). Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake. Cell metabolism, 30(1), 67–77.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008
Cordova, R., Viallon, V., Fontvieille, E., Peruchet-Noray, L., Jansana, A., Wagner, K.-H., Kyrø, C., Tjønneland, A., Katzke, V., Bajracharya, R., Schulze, M. B., Masala, G., Sieri, S., Panico, S., Ricceri, F., Tumino, R., Boer, J. M. A., Verschuren, W. M. M., van der Schouw, Y., Jakszyn, P., Redondo-Sánchez, D., Amiano, P., Huerta, J. M., Guevara, M., Borné, Y., Sonstedt, E., Tsilidis, K. K., Millett, C., Heath, A. K., Aglago, E. K., Aune, D., Gunter, M. J., Ferrari, P., Huybrechts, I., & Freisling, H. (2023). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and risk of multimorbidity of cancer and cardiometabolic diseases: a multinational cohort study. The Lancet Regional Health Europe, 35, 100771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100771
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Lichtenstein, A. H., Appel, L. J., Vadiveloo, M., Hu, F. B., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Rebholz, C. M., Sacks, F. M., Thorndike, A. N., Van Horn, L., & Wylie-Rosett, J. (2021). 2021 Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 144(23), e472–e487. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031
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Lacy-Nichols, J., & Freudenberg, N. (2022). Opportunities and limitations of the ultra-processed food framing. Nature food, 3(12), 975–977. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-022-00670-0
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Fraanje, W. & Garnett, T. (2019). What is ultra-processed food? And why do people disagree about its utility as a concept? Food Climate Research Network, https://www.doi.org/10.56661/ca3e86f2
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