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Economics, business, and trade

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A close-up of the gills on the undersides of several oyster mushrooms. Photo by Damir Omerovic via Unsplash.
Explainer
Making Nature Count: How should we value nature in our food systems?
Natural systems are being degraded at an unprecedented rate, with rapid loss of biodiversity and an average temperature rise of almost 1.5˚C on pre-industrial levels in 2023. Most economists believe that these problems have arisen because the value of nature is not sufficiently considered in policy and economic decision-making, but within the field, different economists disagree about how to express nature's value. This has consequences especially within our food systems.https://www.doi.org/10.56661/d2feedad
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Photo of wheat stalks in the foreground with agricultural landscape in the background. Photo by Veronica White via UnSplash.
Publication
Tomorrow on the table: The politics and economics of food system transformation
In October 2024, TABLE brought together a diverse range of stakeholders across the food system with the aim of exploring how they envisaged a better food future, and what system transformations would be needed to get there. The participants included non-governmental and civil society organisations, policymakers, philanthropists, community leaders, and academics from diverse disciplines. Over the course of the workshop, they together discussed, developed and refined different visions for the future of the food system based on three initially conceived visions: market-led, state-led, and bottom-up. This report synthesises the workshop methods and dialogue process, the discussions participants had and the areas of agreement that emerged. https://www.doi.org/10.56661/421fa6df
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Picture of food at a market. Credit Freestock Pro via Pexels.
Books
Food economics
Food Economics provides a unified introduction to the economics of agricultural production, business decisions, consumer behavior, and the government policies that shape the food system.
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 Stack of coins. Image by Lalmch from Pixabay
Journal articles
Is parity pricing enough?
Parity pricing, or setting a price floor comparatively equal to an historical period of fair compensation for agricultural commodities, has been debated by scholars as a solution to continually falling farm gate prices in the US. This paper explores the validity of this claim and offers a critique that parity pricing is no silver bullet. Low farm gate prices are rooted in complex and long standing injustices and if farmers are to achieve fair living wages, multi-pronged efforts across scales of governance will be required.
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An imposing building of a bank.
News and resources
World Bank tip-toes into fiery debate over meat emissions
There has been much media spotlight on the World Bank’s entry into the meat debate with its new report calling on governments in wealthier countries to shift subsidies from high-emitting red meat and dairy to lower-emitting poultry, vegetables and fruits. POLITICO said the report was bound to make conservatives apoplectic, while Climate Home News analysed why the meat has become a “political hot potato”. TABLE’s explainer, Meat, metrics and mindset, and the podcast Meat: The Four Futures explores the meat debate and why it’s about more than science, it’s about emotions.
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Front cover of booked titled "Regenerative Strategies"
Books
Regenerative strategies
The authors of this book propose a new regenerative business management strategy that seeks to reduce negative environmental externalities and create new positive environmental externalities by linking climate science to management studies. 
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Image: A glass filled with silver coins and a plant on top. Image by Towfiqu bharbuiya via unsplash
Reports
Investing in Regenerative Agriculture
This report by the company SLM, which is focused on natural assets such as soil, water, air and all living organisms on the planet explores regenerative agriculture as an investment opportunity. The document provides an updated case for investing in regenerative agriculture. SLM broadly defines regenerative agriculture as a method of producing nutritious food and other products in a manner that improves soil health, climate stability, and ecosystem functionality, while also being economically sustainable for farmers. The report illustrates how investors can support the transition to regenerative agriculture by investing into farmland as part of a real asset strategy involving investment in physical assets such as natural resources whose value is based on physical properties and uses.
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Image of a farmer carrying two baskets surrounded by the Food Systems Economic Commission symbol.
Reports
The Economics of the Food System Transformation
The Food System Economics Commission, an independent economic commission comprising experts on climate change, health, nutrition, agriculture and natural resources, has released a global policy report which maps the impacts of two possible futures for the global food system.
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Aerial view freshwater aquaculture farm. Photo by Alexey Komissarov via Pexels.
Journal articles
Economics of aquaculture’s contribution to future food security
This article takes an economic approach to projecting future scenarios for the global fish market and is intended to guide policy around aquaculture regulations. It presents different scenarios for aquaculture and fisheries production projections up to 2030 and highlights the potential implications for food security. The authors identify a gap in future food security literature, both within literature focused on fish and the literature more broadly, that has lacked incorporation of the impact of supply and demand due to changes in food prices, household income, and consumer preferences.
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